Are you interested in making perfumes? If you are, then you’re in luck. We’ve unearthed the recipes of a few of the oldest perfumes in history. Most perfume houses want to keep their recipes a secret from the public because of the mystique it creates and also because of business reasons.
Commonly, the producer offers a description of the ingredients and to which fragrance family the perfume belongs. But the devil is in the details. What’s often missing is the exact composition of the ingredients, which is the most important part of making a perfume.
In the 1892 book Perfumes and their Preparation, George William Askinson offers an insight into the art of perfume making. Among the perfumes mentioned is Cologne Water (Kölnisch Wasser), one of the oldest known perfumes that are still being sold nowadays.
4711 is a traditional German Eau de Cologne by Mäurer & Wirtz.
Because it has been produced in Cologne since at least 1799, it is allowed to use the geographical indication Original Eau de Cologne. The producer kept the same formula for more than 200 years, so the recipe from the book should be pretty much the same.
The American counterpart of Kölnisch Wasser, Florida Water is also mentioned in the book. It has the same citrus base as Cologne Water, butis leaning more to sweet orange rather than the lemon and neroli of the original Cologne Water, it also has hints of spicy notes including lavender and clove. The name refers to the fabled Fountain of Youth, which was said to be located in Florida, as well as the flowery nature of the scent.
The company states that their product, now sold under the Murray & Lanman brand, still uses the original 1808 formula and that the current label is also a slightly modified version of the 1808 original.
Florida Water is a unisex cologne. Victorian etiquette manuals warned young ladies against the “offensive” impression made strong perfumes, but Florida Water and Cologne Water were recommended as appropriate for all. Large quantities were also used by barbershops as an aftershave. In the 1880s and 1890s, Murray & Lanman Florida Water was advertised as “The Richest of all Perfumes” and “The Most Popular Perfume in the World”.
Like other colognes of that era, Florida Water was valued for its refreshing and tonic nature as well as its scent, and could be used as a skin toner or as what we would now call a “body splash”. It was also used as bathwater, by adding it to the bathtub or wash-water.
Below is an excerpt from the book, with recipes of the two mentioned perfumes:
Cologne Water (Eau de Cologne)
This famous perfume, which was first made in Cologne on the Rhine, its formula being kept secret, can be produced anywhere of the same quality as the original. To obtain a first-class product, it is necessary, besides using the finest oils—a matter of course for all fine perfumes—to observe another special point.
Every Cologne water contains oils of the citron group which develop their best odours only in true181 spirit of wine. Unless alcohol distilled from wine is used, it will be impossible to make a Cologne water of really first quality.
While it is possible to make a good cologne with grain or potato spirit, especially if highly rectified, comparison with one prepared from the pure spirit of wine will at once show a marked difference. The small amount of œnanthic ether, hardly demonstrable by chemical tests but present in every spirit of wine, exerts a decided influence on the flavour.
Cologne water of the most superior and incomparable quality is made by dissolving the essential oils, excepting the oils of rosemary and neroli, in the alcohol and distilling it, the other oils being added to the distillate.
A very large number of formulas for the preparation of Cologne water have been published of which we subjoin a few. We have purposely omitted those containing many essential oils, as experience has taught us that they are of little value; for it is not the number of oils that determines the fineness of a perfume, but how certain scents are combined.
A. Finest Cologne Water (Eau de Cologne Supérieure)
Oil of bergamot | 2½ oz. |
Oil of lemon (hand-pressed) | 6 oz. |
Oil of neroli pétale | 3½ oz. |
Oil of neroli bigarade | 1¼ oz. |
Oil of rosemary | 2½ oz. |
Alcohol | 30 qts. |
B. Cologne Water (second quality)
Oil of bergamot | 4½ oz. |
Oil of lemon | 4½ oz. |
Oil of neroli pétale | ¾ oz. |
Oil of orange peel | 4½ oz. |
Oil of petit grain | 2½ oz. |
Oil of rosemary | 2½ oz. |
Alcohol | 30 qts. |
182
C. Cologne Water (ordinary)
Oil of bergamot | 7 oz. |
Oil of lemon | 3½ oz. |
Oil of lavender | 3½ oz. |
Alcohol | 30 qts. |
D. Cologne Water
Oil of bergamot | 1¾ oz. |
Oil of lemon | 3½ oz. |
Oil of lavender | 150 grains. |
Oil of neroli | ½ oz. |
Oil of rosemary | 75 grains. |
Alcohol | 30 qts. |
E. Cologne Water
Oil of bergamot | 2 oz. |
Oil of lemon | 1 oz. |
Oil of lavender | ½ oz. |
Oil of melissa | ¼ oz. |
Oil of neroli | ¼ oz. |
Alcohol | 30 qts. |
F. Cologne Water
Oil of bergamot | 3½ oz. |
Oil of lemon | ½ oz. |
Oil of lavender | ¼ oz. |
Oil of melissa | ½ oz. |
Oil of neroli | ¼ oz. |
Alcohol | 30 qts. |
G. Cologne Water
Oil of bergamot | 1 lb. |
Oil of lemon | 1 lb. |
Oil of lavender | 6½ oz. |
Oil of neroli | ¾ oz. |
Oil of petit grain | 1½ oz. |
Oil of orange peel | 1 lb. |
Oil of rosemary | 150 grains. |
Alcohol | 30 qts. |
183
H. Cologne Water
Oil of bergamot | 2¼ oz. |
Oil of cajuput | ½ oz. |
Oil of lemon | 4½ oz. |
Oil of lavender | 6½ oz. |
Oil of neroli | 2¼oz. |
Oil of orange peel | 4½ oz. |
Oil of petit grain | ½ oz. |
Orange-flower water | 1 qt. |
Alcohol | 30 qts. |
The numerous formulas show that oils of lemon, bergamot, and orange form the normal component of every Cologne Water; the finer grades always contain, also, oils of rosemary and neroli. It is advisable to dissolve the aromatics in very strong alcohol and then to dilute with orange-flower water or rose water. This dilution is also done when making a lower quality, cheaper product.
Florida
Oil of bergamot | 60 grains. |
Oil of lemon | 90 grains. |
Oil of lavender | 15 grains. |
Oil of clove | 8 grains. |
Alcohol | 5 qts. |
Here is the recipe i use to recreate Murray & Lanman’s Florida Water: French Lavender 24 drops. Lemon 16 drops. Rosemary 4 drops. Sweet Orange 4 drops. Cinnamon leaf 4 drops. Alcohol 95%. It smells very similar to the original!
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God Bless and. I look forward to any information you care to share